Nick
the diaphragm blades in two of my prewar FED-50 all look brown or at least a shade of it. Are they rough looking? The blades may be brass. It may not be rusty blades which are the main problem here, but rather the aperture setting lever itself. This part can get stuck from all the detritus it has gathered through the years.
Try freeing the aperture setting lever by injecting a very minute amount of lighter fluid in the seams/groove where the lever runs. Don't get any of it between the ring and lens. Then follow this with an injection of 50% fine machine oil (sewing machine oil will do) + 50% lighter fluid for lubrication. If the ring goes smooth, your problem is solved.
If you plan to disassemble your FED-50, see here:
http://jay.fedka.com/index_files/Page325.htm
The Industar-22/-50 are built the same way as the FED-50/Industar-10. You may be able to access the diaphragm blades and clean them. Don't be afraid of going inside the lens.
🙂 If the blades, as you said, are really rusty, you don't really lose much if you foul up the restoration process. But if your attempt is successful, you'll have a working, matched lens for your FED NKVD.
Jay