Scheiner
The
Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer
Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.
[5][7]
100 19 3 = 2.06914... ≈ 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{19}]{100}}^{3}=2.06914...\approx 2}
The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist
Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944)
[1] and Flemish-born botanist
Walter Hecht [
de] (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their
Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in
Eder–Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufacturers to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products,
[1] so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.
[1][8]
Scheiner's system was eventually abandoned in Germany, when the standardized
DIN system was introduced in 1934. In various forms, it continued to be in widespread use in other countries for some time.