The two best approaches I have found for long exposure night shots are:
1. Experience. You can really guess it once you have done it enough.
2. Get a DSLR. Set it to the widest aperature and the highest ISO. For instance, f/2.8 and ISO 3200. Put it on aperture priority mode and take a test shot of your scene. Convert the equivalent to whatever you are going to really use. So, if you are using large format 8x10 and you are going to expose at f/22 on 100 ISO film, this would be an 11 stop difference. So, if on your test shot the DSLR read 1/8 of a second for the shutter speed, you will need 11 more stops of light on the large format, or 4 minutes. But you really need more than that because with that long of an exposure, you will have some reciprocity failure of the film. So maybe you need another half or whole stop, so 6 or 8 mins.
After a while of doing number 2, you can start seeing it is pretty easy to do number 1. When you are talking an 8 minute exposure, being off by 10 seconds doesn't make a bit of difference.