I tend to shoot with one lens only - but that lens differs depending on what I'm doing, and if I'm working on a project, I know
exactly what I'll be doing! I always consider my subject carefully, and take along only that which is required for it.
I dislike telephoto and (especially!) wide angle lenses because the images produced are "unnatural" to my eye, and I prefer to capture a view more akin to human vision (interesting overview
here). This drastically cuts down the lenses I need as I'm left with "normal" lenses of about 50 mm! Because of my preference for a human view, "zooming" with my feet is usually sufficient - obviating the need for zoom, wide and telephoto lenses.
If I have a precise idea of my subject(s), I'll bring just my 55 mm Micro-Nikkor or 80 mm Arax tilt-shift-rotate. The former is the lens I use most of the time, the latter I use if I physically can't take a photo (can't get close enough, don't want to stand in the middle of the road, I need to be several feet taller, etc.!).
That said, there's no point in cutting one's nose off to spite one's face! So, if I specifically go out for a day's photography in, say, a city, where I may need a bit of flexibility, I'll bring both lenses.
What I never, ever do is fill my bag with assorted crap on the off chance it may be useful! I've half a dozen Nikon lenses, and have never taken out more than two at a time - and never will! Taking too many lenses in my opinion simply means that you haven't thought through what kind of photographs you want to create or haven't thought enough about your subject. Trusting overly to serendipity is a poor strategy for good photography!
Also, there's many ways to skin a cat, and a half-decent photographer should be able to take an image that suits the equipment they have to hand - even if it's just their phone!