Roger Hicks
Veteran
Dear Paul,. . . Even if you were following some of the fair use guidelines - for instance, including a photo as part of a critique or analysis - you'd still be in a legally grey area and open to a charge of infringement. (it happens, often, which is why Kershaw couldn't use key Capa photos in his biography, even though it discussed them extensively).
It's an infringement, end of.
True enough, but I strongly suspect that few if any photographers are likely to complain if you give an example of their work, and describe it favourably in a way that will further promote their work, or a work in which their photography appeared.
Even so, it always makes sense to ask, if you can get hold of them or their heirs and assigns. This can however be difficult with (for example) books from the 1930s and earlier. It rarely makes much sense to ask the publisher, even if they are still around, as some will claim copyright as a matter of principle, whether they own it or not.
Of course you know all this, but others may welcome the information. I am frankly astonished by FujiLove's thesis that intellectual property is worth nothing to the creator, but can be used by anyone else (including Google, etc.) to make money.
Cheers,
R.