here are some things I would like to know
quality: good, bad, stunningly mediocre?
unified personal vision: do you see one? could you say what it was if you do?
influences: am I derivative or unique? could you guess any photographers that I like just by looking at my photos?
where to go next: book recommendations, things I should try, etc.
Well it is a gutsy thing to do to ask responders to beg off the politeness required by convention, so my hat's off to you on that score. Please take my comments in the courageous spirit in which you framed your original post.
In terms of quality, I assume you mean technical quality of the images, not quality of your "vision" or something less coherent. In the pictures you have shown I think that the technical quality is spotty and could use some hard-nosed attention. For instance in the first picture, the night street scene: on my monitor there is no black in that scene. The shadows are a dark gray. This distracts me and suggests that not enough time was spent processing in post to place the black and white points where they will make the strongest impression. It is like poor grammar in a sentence: it doesn't mean that the reader won't understand what you are saying, but they will have to fight through some knee-jerk annoyance to get there. Also, you will have started to lose your audience before they take the time to really look at your picture because they are likely to infer that you don't understand the grammar of this craft. I would note that this is, generically, a huge problem posting to the web where there are millions of monitors out there, each out of calibration in their own unique way. Hey, for all I know the problem is on my end.
Similarly, the picture of the dog is massively grey on my monitor. Looks like the dog should be white, at least. The image is covered in dust spots (or some other white detritus from scanning). I read above that the dog is significant to you emotionally (or to a friend) -- that significance, and the importance you accord this particular animal, CAN'T come through with these technical defects. The viewer will ask: "If this subject is so important, why didn't the photographer take the time to look at the image critically, assess its defects and fix it?" So: dog=white, tonal range = rescued from gray, dust spots=gone... now your viewer might have some emotional response to the image. Until then, all the importance you place on the subject matter is not even part of the discussion; we are too busy with the distractions.
[EDIT: I see in a response above that you make a distinction between the technical aspects of your pictures and something you call "aesthetics." Let me cautiously suggest that the two are really the same (or so intertwined that they can't be separated). You can't in seriousness ask someone for an aesthetic appraisal of a picture with technical defects. Or said another way, "Moonrise over Hernandez" with white dust spots is just a bad print. Photography is a technical art -- you don't get to evaluate aesthetics until you have mastered technique. There is just no point. The dog picture IS the sum of its technical achievements: I just see a grey snapshot of a dog in the middle of the frame with white dust spots all over -- it has no aesthetic quality at all, which is the ability to generate an emotional response from your viewer based on its beauty/ugliness.]
A note on content, which is also part of "quality." A plurality of the pictures (and a majority of the pictures with human subjects) don't show faces. When evaluating my own pictures with the same problem, this usually suggests a lack of courage to confront or acknowledge my subject. Personally, I don't find this mysterious, I just find it boring. Those pictures, thematically, read as instant failures. Or said another way: If I am going to spend a lot of time looking at the backs or sides of peoples' heads, I have to be convinced that there is something bold being attempted, rather than just a snapshot of a stranger retreating from my vantage point.
Unified personal vision: short answer: no. This is a tough one, because just as you have been pointed to some RFF photographers who have forged one, the vast majority have none. I have none. But the question is a little confusing in your case, because of the variety of image you have selected. I would turn this question back to you for refinement: why do you think someone viewing the 10 image you posted would come to the conclusion that you have a unified personal vision? If you had one, how would you characterize it?
Derivative? Red Herring. Who cares? It is so challenging to take a good photograph, what does it matter if it is in the style of Nan Goldin? And it is a Catch-22, because as you take more pictures and become a more sophisticated viewer, your answer to this question will change. Ignore it. Take lots of pictures. Take 25,000 pictures in the next three years. Edit ruthlessly. Throw out 3/4 of what is left. Then ask the question about the remainder. And
look. See as many images as you can.
Hope this was not too painful. Now go click that shutter button.